The relationship between organizational precursors and employee creativity during COVID-19 pandemic: An examination of the psychological safety mediation effect

Authors

  • Amy Yeo Chu May School of Business Studies, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur
  • Tan Xuen Min Tricor Corporate Service Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur
  • Felizia Arni Rudiawarni Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v19i2.18960

Keywords:

Transformational Leadership, Perceived Organisational Support, Psychological Safety, Corporate Social Responsibility, Employee Creativity, COVID-19

Abstract

The study aims to examine the mediating effect of psychological safety on the relationship between organizational antecedents (corporate social responsibility or CSR, transformational leadership style, and perceived organizational support) and employee creativity. This study lends its support to the mediating effect of psychological safety to inspect the underlying reasons that motivate employees to be more creative. The study employed a positivist approach based on 220 respondents. Data was collected through an online open-ended questionnaire using a convenient sampling technique. The collected data were further analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling. The key findings reveal that the four domains of CSR (legal, philanthropy, economic and ethical), transformational leadership style, and perceived organizational contribute to creating a climate of psychological safety among employees. This climate, in turn, mediates the relationship between these organizational factors and employee creativity. This study highlights the importance of psychological safety as a mediator that motivates employees to be more creative. The results also underscore the need for organizational leaders to review CSR policies, leadership styles, and the support provided to employees to foster psychological safety and, consequently, stimulate employee creativity.

References

Abdelmotaleb, M., Metwally, A. B. E. M., & Saha, S. K. (2018). Exploring the impact of being perceived as a socially responsible organization on employee creativity. Management Decision, 56(11), 2325-2340. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2017-0552

Adil, M. S., Hamid, K. B. A., & Waqas, M. (2020). Impact of perceived organisational support and workplace incivility on work engagement and creative work involvement: A moderating role of creative self-efficacy. International Journal of Management Practice, 13(2), 117-150. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmp.2020.105671

Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., & Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 836-863. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.567842

Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 932-968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311436079

Ahmad, I., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The impact of ethical leadership style on job satisfaction: Mediating role of perception of Green HRM and psychological safety. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-12-2018-0461

Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M. M., Ali, G., & Islam, T. (2015). Perceived organizational support and its outcomes: A meta-analysis of latest available literature. Management Research Review, 38(6), 627-639. https://doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2013-0220

Akdogan, A. A., Arslan, A., & Demirtas, O. (2016). A strategic influence of corporate social responsibility on meaningful work and organizational identification, via perceptions of ethical leadership. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.029

Akgunduz, Y., Alkan, C., & Gok, O. A. (2018). Perceived organizational support, employee creativity and proactive personality: the mediating effect of meaning of work. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 34, 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.01.004

Allen, P., Bennett, K., & Heritage, B. (Eds.). (2019). SPSS statistics: A practical guide (4th ed.). Cengage Learning Australia Pty. Ltd.

Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2015). Linking empowering leadership to job satisfaction, work effort, and creativity: the role of self-leadership and psychological empowerment. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 22(3), 304-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051814565819

Azizi, M. R., Atlasi, R., Ziapour, A., Abbas, J., & Naemi, R. (2021). Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach. Heliyon, 7(6), e07233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07233

Bradburn, N., Sudman, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Asking questions (2nd ed.). Jossey Bass.

Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002

Chaubey, A., Sahoo, C. K., & Das, K. C. (2022). Examining the effect of training and employee creativity on organizational innovation: A moderated mediation analysis. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(2), 499-524. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2020-2271

Chaubey, A., Sahoo, C. K., & Khatri, N. (2019). Relationship of transformational leadership with employee creativity and organizational innovation: A study of mediating and moderating influences. Journal of Strategy and Management, 12(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsma-07-2018-0075

Chaudhary, R., & Akhouri, A. (2018). Linking corporate social responsibility attributions and creativity: Modeling work engagement as a mediator. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 809-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.187

Chaudhary, R. (2019). Corporate social responsibility perceptions and employee engagement: Role of psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability. Corporate Governance, 19(4), 631-647. https://doi.org/10.1108/cg-06-2018-0207

Chen, L., Wadei, K. A., Bai, S., & Liu, J. (2020). Participative leadership and employee creativity: A sequential mediation model of psychological safety and creative process engagement. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 741-759. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2019-0319

Cho, S. J., Chung, C. Y., & Young, J. (2019). Study on the relationship between CSR and financial performance. Sustainability, 11(2), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020343

Choi, S. L., Goh, C. F., Adam, M. B. H., & Tan, O. K. (2016). Transformational leadership, empowerment, and job satisfaction: The mediating role of employee empowerment. Human Resources for Health, 14(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0171-2

Churchill, A., & Peter, J. (1984). Research design effects on the reliability of rating scales: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 21(4), 360-375. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151463

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (Eds.). (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). Routledge.

Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (Eds.). (2014). Business research methods (12th ed.). McGrawHill Education.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dai, Y., Hou, Y., Chen, K., & Zhuang, W. (2018). To help or not to help: Antecedents of hotel employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1293-1313. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2016-0160

De Roeck, K., & Farooq, O. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and ethical leadership: Investigating their interactive effect on employees’ socially responsible behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(4), 923-939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3656-6

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999

Evans, J. R., & Mathur, A. (2005). The value of online surveys. Internet Research, 15(2), 195-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240510590360

Farooq, O., Rupp, D. E., & Farooq, M. (2017). The multiple pathways through which internal and external corporate social responsibility influence organizational identification and multifoci outcomes: The moderating role of cultural and social orientations. Academy of Management Journal, 60(3), 954-985. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0849

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage.

Finstad, K. (2010). Response interpolation and scale sensitivity: Evidence against 5-point scales. Journal of Usability Studies, 5(3), 104-110.

Fong, L. H. N., Law, R., & Ye, B. H. (2021). Outlook of tourism recovery amid an epidemic: Importance of outbreak control by the government. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 102951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102951

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183

George, J. M. (2007). Creativity in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 439-477. https://doi.org/10.5465/078559814

Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. W. (2011). The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215085

Guchait, P., Pasamehmetoglu, A., & Dawson, M. (2014). Perceived supervisor and co-worker support for error management: Impact on perceived psychological safety and service recovery performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41, 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.04.009

Guo, M., Ahmad, N., Adnan, M., Scholz, M., Khalil-ur-Rehman, & Naveed, R. T. (2021). The relationship of CSR and employee creativity in the hotel sector: The mediating role of job autonomy. Sustainability, 13(18), 10032. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810032

Guo, W., & Wang, D. (2017). Does joint decision making foster team creativity? Exploring the moderating and mediating effects. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1590-1604. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2016-0055

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Hair, J. F., Celsi, M., Money, A., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2016). Essential of business research methods (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.

Herrmann, D., & Felfe, J. (2014). Effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity. British Journal of Management, 25(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00849.x

Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research? Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, 6(3-4), 1-12.

Hu, J., Erdogan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2018). Leader humility and team creativity: The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000277

Hur, W. M., Moon, T. W., & Ko, S. H. (2018). How employees’ perceptions of CSR increase employee creativity: Mediating mechanisms of compassion at work and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 153, 629-644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3321-5

Ibrahim, H. I., Isa, A., & Shahbudin, A. S. M. (2016). Organizational support and creativity: The role of developmental experiences as a moderator. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00063-0

Islam, T., Chaudhary, A., Jamil, S., & Ali, H. F. (2021). Unleashing the mechanism between affect-based trust and employee creativity: A knowledge sharing perspective. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-04-2021-0071

Kassymova, G. K., Tokar, O. V., Tashcheva, A. I., Slepukhina, G. V., Gridneva, S. V., Bazhenova, N. G., Shpakovskaya, E. Y., & Arpentieva, M. R. (2019). Impact of stress on creative human resources and psychological counseling in crises. International Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 13, 26-32.

Kim, B., Nurunnabi, M., Kim, T., & Jung, S. (2018). The influence of corporate social responsibility on organizational commitment: The sequential mediating effect of meaningfulness of work and perceived organizational support. Sustainability, 10(7), 2208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072208

Kim, B. J., Kim, M. J., & Kim, T. H. (2021). “The power of ethical leadership”: The influence of corporate social responsibility on creativity, the mediating function of psychological safety, and the moderating role of ethical leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062968

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

Kremer, H., Villamor, I., & Aguinis, H. (2019). Innovation leadership: Best-practice recommendations for promoting employee creativity, voice, and knowledge sharing. Business Horizons, 62(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.010

Kumar, R. (Ed.). (2014). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Leal, S., Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. (2015). How the employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility make them happier and psychologically stronger. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(9), 113-126. https://repositorio.ipsantarem.pt/bitstream/10400.15/1373/1/SusanaLeal_OIDA_2015.pdf

Li, G., Lu, Y., & Eliason, R. G. (2021). How does ethical leadership enhance employee creativity during the COVID-19 pandemic in China? Ethics & Behavior, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.1932502

Liang, T., Chang, H., Ko, M., & Lin, C. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee voices in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 374-392. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-07-2015-0364

Liu, D., Jiang, K., Shalley, C. E., Keem, S., & Zhou, J. (2016). Motivational mechanisms of employee creativity: A meta-analytic examination and theoretical extension of the creativity literature. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, 236-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.08.001

Liu, W., Zhang, P., Liao, J., Hao, P., & Mao, J. (2016). Abusive supervision and employee creativity: The mediating role of psychological safety and organizational identification. Management Decision, 54(1), 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-09-2013-0443

Luis, D. J., Ruth, C. J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Does stress lead to creativity? The relationship between occupational stress and individual innovative behavior. Studies in Business and Economics, 15(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0003

Maden, C. (2015). Linking high involvement human resource practices to employee proactivity. Personnel Review, 44(5), 720-738. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-01-2014-0030

Marzo, R. R., Vinay, V., Bahari, R., Chauhan, S., Ming, D. A. F., Nelson Fernandez, S. F., Johnson, C. C. P., Thivakaran, A. Q., Rahman, M. M., & Goel, S. (2021). Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 12, 100868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100868

Mehmood, M. S., Jian, Z., Akram, U., Akram, Z., & Tanveer, Y. (2021). Entrepreneurial leadership and team creativity: The roles of team psychological safety and knowledge sharing. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-07-2020-0517

Men, L. R., & Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation. Journal of Communication Management, 17(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632541311318765

Mittal, S., & Dhar, R. L. (2015). Transformational leadership and employee creativity. Management Decision, 53(5), 894-910. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2014-0464

Mohammed, A. A., Ferraris, A., & Troise, C. (2021). CSR practices and creativity during COVID-19 pandemic in the emerging market: Investigating the mediating effect of affective commitment. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2021-1021

Mulki, J. P., Jaramillo, J. F., & Locander, W. B. (2009). Critical role of leadership on ethical climate and salesperson behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9839-4

Muñoz-Pascual, L., Galende, J., & Curado, C. (2021). Contributions to sustainability in SMEs: Human resources, sustainable product innovation performance and the mediating role of employee creativity. Sustainability, 13(4), 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042008

Munyeki, N., & Were, D. S. (2017). Influence of transformational leadership on the performance of project based organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 1(3), 41-60. https://serialpublishers.org/Journals/Influence%20of%20transformational%20leadership%20on%20the%20performance%20of%20project%20based%20organizations.pdf

Opoku, S. T., Apenteng, B. A., & Boakye, K. G. (2021). Rewards and employee creativity among rural healthcare employees: The mediating role of organizational support for innovation and the moderating impact of supervisory support. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-11-2020-0187

Pan, Y., Shang, Y., & Malika, R. (2021). Enhancing creativity in organizations: The role of the need for cognition. Management Decision, 59(9), 2057-2076. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-04-2019-0516

Pandey, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2008). A perspective of collective consciousness of business organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(4), 889-898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9475-4

Pearsall, M. J., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2011). Thick as thieves: The effects of ethical orientation and psychological safety on unethical team behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021503

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behaviour Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879

Rahimizhian, S., & Irani, F. (2021). Investigating the antecedents of innovative behaviors in the hotel industry of Turkey. Tourism & Management Studies, 17(4), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2021.170404

Ramayah, T., Cheah, J. H., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (Eds.). (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An updated and practical guide to statistical analysis (2nd ed.). Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Rao, M. S. (2014). Transformational leadership – an academic case study. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(3), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/ict-07-2013-0043

Reverte, C., Gómez-Melero, E., & Cegarra-Navarro, J. G. (2016). The influence of corporate social responsibility practices on organizational performance: Evidence from eco-responsible Spanish firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112(4), 2870-2884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.128

Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of Business Research, 62(10), 1027-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.003

Rivera, A. E., Rodríguez-Aceves, L., & Mojarro-Duran, B. I. (2021). Enabling knowledge sharing through psychological safety in inter-organisational arrangements. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(5), 1170-1193. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-04-2020-0241

Roopa, S., & Rani, M. S. (2012). Questionnaire designing for a survey. The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 46(4), 273-277. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1104

Ruiz, B., & García, J. A. (2021). Analyzing the relationship between CSR and reputation in the banking sector. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102552

Rupp, D. E., Shao, R., Thornton, M. A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2013). Applicants’ and employees’ reactions to corporate social responsibility: The moderating effects of first-party justice perceptions and moral identity. Personnel Psychology, 66(4), 895-933. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12030

Sabir, I., Ali, I., Majid, M. B., Sabir, N., Mehmood, H., Rehman, A. U., & Nawaz, F. (2020). Impact of perceived organizational support on employee performance in IT firms – A comparison among Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-10-2019-1914

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (Eds.). (2016). Research methods for business students (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. K., & Peng, A. C. (2011). Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 863-871. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022625

Schweitzer, J. (2014). Leadership and innovation capability development in strategic alliances. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(5), 442-469. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-01-12-0001

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410

Shih, H. A., Chiang, Y. H., & Chen, T. J. (2012). Transformational leadership, trusting climate, and knowledge-exchange behaviors in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1057-1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.639546

Siswanti, Y., & Muafi, M. (2020). Empowering leadership and individual creativity: The mediation role of psychological empowerment in facing Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.809

Suifan, T. S., Abdallah, A. B., & Janini, M. A. (2018). The impact of transformational leadership on employees’ creativity: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Management Research Review, 41(1), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2017-0032

Tang, C., Ma, H., Naumann, S. E., & Xing, Z. (2020). Perceived work uncertainty and creativity during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of zhongyong and creative self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 596232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.596232

Tang, G., Yu, B., Cooke, F. L., & Chen, Y. (2017). High-performance work system and employee creativity: The roles of perceived organisational support and devolved management. Personnel Review, 46(7), 1318-1334. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-09-2016-0235

Trochim, W. M., Donnelly, J. P., & Arora, K. (Eds.). (2016). Research methods: The essential knowledge base (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.

Tu, Y., Lu, X., Choi, J., & Guo, W. (2018). Ethical leadership and team-level creativity: Mediation of psychological safety climate and moderation of supervisor support for creativity. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 551-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3839-9

Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275-1286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015848

Wang, C., Hu, R., & Zhang, T. C. (2020). Corporate social responsibility in international hotel chains and its effects on local employees: Scale development and empirical testing in China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102598

Wang, Y., Liu, J., & Zhu, Y. (2018). Humble leadership, psychological safety, knowledge sharing, and follower creativity: A cross-level investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01727

Wong, A., Tjosvold, D., & Liu, C. (2009). Innovation by teams in Shanghai, China: Cooperative goals for group confidence and persistence. British Journal of Management, 20(2), 238-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00563.x

Yew, L. T. (2011). Understanding the antecedents of affective organizational commitment and turnover intention of academics in Malaysia: The organizational support theory perspectives. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2551-2562. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text-pdf/2D67D7028379.pdf

Yin, J., Ma, Z., Yu, H., Jia, M., & Liao, G. (2020). Transformational leadership and employee knowledge sharing: Explore the mediating roles of psychological safety and team efficacy. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(2), 150-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-12-2018-0776

Zaman, U., & Nadeem, R. D. (2019). Linking Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and affective organizational commitment: Role of CSR strategic importance and organizational identification. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 13(3), 704-726. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/205274/1/4358.pdf

Zaman, U., Nadeem, R. D., & Nawaz, S. (2020). Cross-country evidence on project portfolio success in the Asia-Pacific region: Role of CEO transformational leadership, portfolio governance and strategic innovation orientation. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1727681. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1727681

Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic: A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164

Zhang, J., Xie, C., & Morrison, A. M. (2021). The effect of corporate social responsibility on hotel employee safety behavior during COVID-19: The moderation of belief restoration and negative emotions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.12.011

Zhou, J., & Hoever, I. J. (2014). Research on workplace creativity: A review and redirection. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 333-359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091226

Zhou, Q., & Pan, W. (2015). A cross-level examination of the process linking transformational leadership and creativity: The role of psychological safety climate. Human Performance, 28(5), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021050

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2022-12-01

How to Cite

May, A. Y. C., Min, T. X., & Rudiawarni, F. A. (2022). The relationship between organizational precursors and employee creativity during COVID-19 pandemic: An examination of the psychological safety mediation effect. JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 19(2), 199–236. https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v19i2.18960