Navigating uncertainty: The dynamics of financial distress and opinion shopping ongoing concern audit opinions in the COVID-19 era

Authors

  • Ni Made Anggi Anggarini Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar
  • Putu Dyan Yaniartha Sukartha Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar
  • Ni Luh Sari Widhiyani Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar
  • Ni Made Dwi Ratnadi Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v20i2.20747

Keywords:

Financial Distress, Opinion Shopping, Going Concern Audit Opinions, Logistic Regression Analysis, COVID-19

Abstract

This study delves into the intricate relationship between financial distress and opinion shopping in the context of going concern audit opinions, particularly during the challenging COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on non-financial firms listed on the IDX from 2019 to 2021, the study employed a non-probability, purposive sampling method for selecting relevant samples. Data collection was primarily conducted through non-participant observation, and logistic regression techniques were utilized for analysis. The novelty of this study lies in its temporal focus, situating the analysis within the unique financial and audit challenges posed by the pandemic. One of the key findings is the significant inverse correlation between financial distress, measured by the Altman Z-Score, and the likelihood of receiving a going concern audit opinion. The study demonstrates that increased financial distress significantly raises the probability of a firm receiving a going concern audit opinion. In contrast, the practice of opinion shopping, where firms might switch auditors to obtain a more favorable opinion, is found to decrease the likelihood of receiving such an opinion during the pandemic.

References

Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis, and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The journal of finance, 23, 589-609. https://doi.org/10.2307/2978933

Altman, E. I., Iwanicz‐Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E. K. & Suvas, A. (2017). Financial distress prediction in an international context: A review and empirical analysis of Altman's Z‐score model. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 28, 131-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fjifm.12053

Averio, T. (2020). The analysis of influencing factors on the going concern audit opinion–a study in manufacturing firms in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 6(2), 152-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-09-2020-0078

Brunelli, S., Carlino, C., Castellano, R., & Giosi, A. (2021). Going concern modifications and related disclosures in the Italian stock market: do regulatory improvements help investors in capturing financial distress? Journal of Management and Governance, 25, 433-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09537-7

Cao, J., Kubick, T. R., & Masli, A. N. (2017). Do corporate payouts signal going-concern risk for auditors? Evidence from audit reports for companies in financial distress. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 49, 599-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-016-0602-0

Carcello, J. V., & Neal, T. L. (2003). Audit committee characteristics and auditor dismissals following “new” going‐concern reports. The accounting review, 78(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.1.95

Carson, E., Fargher, N. L., Geiger, M. A., Lennox, C. S., Raghunandan, K., & Willekens, M. (2013). Audit reporting for going-concern uncertainty: A research synthesis. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32(Supplement 1), 353-384. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50324

Chan, K. H., Lin, K. Z., & Mo, P. L.-l. (2006). A political–economic analysis of auditor reporting and auditor switches. Review of Accounting Studies, 11, 21-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-006-6394-z

Chen, Y., Eshleman, J. D., & Soileau, J. S. (2017). Business strategy and auditor reporting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 36(2), 63-86. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51574

Chung, H., Sonu, C. H., Zang, Y., & Choi, J.-H. (2019). Opinion shopping to avoid a going concern audit opinion and subsequent audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52154

DeFond, M. L., Raghunandan, K., & Subramanyam, K. R. (2002). Do non–audit service fees impair auditor independence? Evidence from going concern audit opinions. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(4), 1247-1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00088

Desai, V., Desai, R., Kim, J. W., & Raghunandan, K. (2020). Are going‐concern issues disclosed in audit reports associated with subsequent bankruptcy? Evidence from the United States. International Journal of Auditing, 24(1), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12183

Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1992). The cross‐section of expected stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), 427-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04398.x

Fitriani, M. D. & Asiah, A. N. (2019). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 19.

Gallizo, J. L., & Saladrigues, R. (2016). An analysis of determinants of going concern audit opinion: Evidence from Spain stock exchange. Intangible Capital, 12(1), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.683

Geiger, M. A., & Rama, D. V. (2006). Audit firm size and going‐concern reporting accuracy. Accounting Horizons, 20(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2006.20.1.1

Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Wiseman, R. M. (2007). Does agency theory have universal relevance? A reply to Lubatkin, Lane, Collin, and Very. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(1), 81-88.

Guo, Y., Delaney, D., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Is an auditor's propensity to issue going concern opinions a valid measure of audit quality? Australian Accounting Review, 30(2), 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12300

Hadi, H. K. (2018). Is It True That Transformational Leadership Style Can Shape Employees Motivation and Performance? JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 15(2), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50481

Hardi, H., Widguna, M., Hariyani, E., & Putra, A. A. (2020). Opinion shopping, prior opinion, audit quality, financial condition, and going concern opinion. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB), 7(11), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.169

Hardies, K., Breesch, D., & Branson, J. (2016). Do (fe) male auditors impair audit quality? Evidence from going-concern opinions. European Accounting Review, 25(1), 7-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2014.921445

Jaafar, A., & McLeay, S. (2007). Country effects and sector effects on the harmonization of accounting policy choice. Abacus, 43(2), 156-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2007.00224.x

Jamaluddin, M. (2018). The effect of financial distress and disclosure on going concern opinion of the banking company listing in Indonesian Stock Exchange. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(01), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i1.em10

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (2019). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure Corporate governance (pp. 77-132): Gower.

Kang, M., Lee, H. Y., Mande, V., & Woo, Y. S. (2019). Audit firm attributes and auditor litigation risk. Abacus, 55(4), 639-675. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12171

Kells, S. (2011). The seven deadly sins of performance auditing: Implications for monitoring public audit institutions. Australian Accounting Review, 21(4), 383-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2011.00150.x

Krishna, K. & Nadya, F. (2020). The Effect of Independence, Integrity, Professionalism, and Professional Skepticism on the Accuracy of Giving Audit Opinion (The Case of Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia). Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 127, 5-10.

Kvaal, E., & Nobes, C. W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. SSRN Accounting and Business Research, Forthcoming. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1466693

Laila, N. U. (2021). Pengaruh Financial Distress, Pertumbuhan Perusahaan, Audit Lag, dan Ukuran Kantor Akuntan Publik terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern (Studi Pada Perusahaan Jasa Non Keuangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2017-2019). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 9(2). Retrieved from

Laksmita, B., & Sukirman, S. (2020). Financial Distress Moderates the Effect of KAP Reputation, Auditor Switching, and Leverage on the Acceptance of Going Concern Opinions. Accounting Analysis Journal, 9(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.15294/aaj.v9i3.39563

Lennox, C. (2000). Do companies successfully engage in opinion-shopping? Evidence from the UK. Journal of accounting and economics, 29(3), 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(00)00025-2

Leonard, D., & Trisnawati, I. (2015). Pengaruh karakteristik dan fundamental perusahaan terhadap pengungkapan modal intelektual. Jurnal Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 17(2), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.34208/jba.v17i2.28

Mutchler, J. F., Hopwood, W., & McKeown, J. M. (1997). The influence of contrary information and mitigating factors on audit opinion decisions on bankrupt companies. Journal of Accounting Research, 35(2), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491367

Myers, L. A., Shipman, J. E., Swanquist, Q. T., & Whited, R. L. (2018). Measuring the market response to going concern modifications: The importance of disclosure timing. Review of Accounting Studies, 23, 1512-1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-018-9459-x

Newton, N. J., Persellin, J. S., Wang, D., & Wilkins, M. S. (2016). Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition. The accounting review, 91(2), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51149

Noga, T. J., & Schnader, A. L. (2013). Book-tax differences as an indicator of financial distress. Accounting Horizons, 27(3), 469-489. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-50481

Rahim, S. (2016). Pengaruh Kondisi Keuangan Perusahaan, Kualitas Audit dan Opinion Shopping Terhadap Penerimaan Opini Going Concern. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 11(2), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.24843/JIAB.2016.v11.i02.p02

Reynolds, J. K., & Francis, J. R. (2000). Does size matter? The influence of large clients on office-level auditor reporting decisions. Journal of accounting and economics, 30(3), 375-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00010-6

Romadhon, F., & Kusuma, I. W. (2020). Does managerial ability enhance earnings quality? The moderating role of corporate governance quality and ownership concentration. JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 17(2), 105-120. 10.31106/jema.v17i2.6067

Ruiz‐Barbadillo, E., Go´ mez‐Aguilar, N., & Carrera, N. (2009). Does mandatory audit firm rotation enhance auditor independence? Evidence from Spain. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 28(1), 113-135. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2009.28.1.113

Settembre-Blundo, D., González-Sánchez, R., Medina-Salgado, S., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2021). Flexibility and resilience in corporate decision making: a new sustainability-based risk management system in uncertain times. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(Suppl 2), 107-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00277-7

Spence, M. (1978). Job market signaling Uncertainty in economics (pp. 281-306): Elsevier.

Widiatami, A. K., Tanzil, N. D., Irawadi, C., & Nurkhin, A. (2020). Audit Committee¡¯ s Role in Moderating the Effect of Financial Distress Towards Going Concern Audit Opinion. International Journal of Financial Research, 11(4), 432-442. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n4p432

Young, A., & Wang, Y. (2010). Multi‐risk level examination of going concern modifications. Managerial Auditing Journal, 25(8), 756-791. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901011069542

Zdolsek, D., Jagric, T. & Kolar, I. (2019). A glance through two decades of Slovene-related research in auditing. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 86-94.

Downloads

Published

2023-11-21

How to Cite

Anggarini, N. M. A., Sukartha, P. D. Y., Widhiyani, N. L. S., & Ratnadi, N. M. D. (2023). Navigating uncertainty: The dynamics of financial distress and opinion shopping ongoing concern audit opinions in the COVID-19 era. JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 20(2), 200–219. https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v20i2.20747