PROBLEMATIKA KHITBAH DI ERA MODERN DALAM PERSPEKTIF KAIDAH FIKIH

Abstract

Khitbah is a pre-marital stage that has an important position in Islamic law, but in contemporary practice it often undergoes shifts in meaning and function, especially in the context of social media-based engagements, the giving of dowry before the contract, and the cancellation of proposals that trigger social conflict. This study aims to analyze contemporary khitbah practices through the perspective of fiqh principles and assess their relevance in responding to modern social issues. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive method with a literature review approach, through analysis of classical fiqh books, scientific journals. The results show that khitbah is legally permissible and not legally binding, but has significant moral and social consequences. The novelty of this research lies in the formulation of a normative framework based on fiqh principles specifically al-aṣl fī al-ashyā’ al-ibāhah, al-ḍarar yuzāl, al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi al-shakk, and al-‘ādah muḥakkamah as analytical instruments for assessing contemporary khitbah practices in context. These findings contribute to clarifying the ethical and legal boundaries of khitbah in the modern era and offer an adaptive fiqh approach to managing the premarital social dynamics of Muslim societies.

Keywords: Khitbah, Fiqh Rules, Pre-Marital Practices, Islamic Law.

Abstrak

Khitbah merupakan tahapan pra-nikah yang memiliki kedudukan penting dalam hukum Islam, namun dalam praktik kontemporer sering mengalami pergeseran makna dan fungsi, terutama dalam konteks pertunangan berbasis media sosial, pemberian mahar sebelum akad, serta pembatalan lamaran yang memicu konflik sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis praktik khitbah kontemporer melalui perspektif kaidah fikih serta menilai relevansinya dalam merespons persoalan sosial modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan, melalui analisis terhadap kitab fikih klasik, jurnal ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa khitbah secara hukum bersifat mubah dan tidak mengikat secara legal, namun memiliki konsekuensi moral dan sosial yang signifikan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada formulasi kerangka normatif berbasis kaidah fikih, khususnya al-aṣl fī al-ashyā’ al-ibāhah, al-ḍarar yuzāl, al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi al-shakk, dan al-‘ādah muḥakkamah sebagai instrumen analitis untuk menilai praktik khitbah kontemporer secara kontekstual. Temuan ini berkontribusi dalam memperjelas batas etika dan hukum khitbah di era modern serta menawarkan pendekatan fikih yang adaptif dalam mengelola dinamika sosial pra-nikah masyarakat Muslim.

Kata kunci: Khitbah, Kaidah Fikih, Praktik Pra-Nikah, Hukum Islam