KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTRI: ANALISIS KAIDAH FIKIH TERHADAP KELUARGA MUSLIM MODERN

Abstract

The imbalance between the rights and obligations of husbands and wives is an issue that is increasingly prominent in modern Muslim families, mainly due to social, economic, and gender role changes. Some studies of family fiqh tend to discuss husband-wife relationships in a normative and textual manner, without adequately relating them to the actual problems faced by contemporary Muslim families. This study aims to analyze the imbalance between the rights and obligations of husbands and wives through a fiqh approach as a methodological instrument that is flexible and contextual. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, with primary sources in the form of classical works of fiqh rules such as al-Asybah wa al-Naẓāʾir by al-Suyūṭī and al-Manthūr fī al-Qawāʿid al -Fiqhiyyah by al-Zarkashī, as well as secondary sources in the form of contemporary literature on Islamic family law. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis with a deductive-inductive approach, namely deriving the principles of fiqh rules into concrete issues of modern Muslim families. The results of the study show that the principles of al-umūru bi maqāṣidihā, al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysīr, al-ḍarar yuzāl, and al-ʿādah muḥakkamah can be used as an analytical framework to reinterpret the relationship between husband and wife in a more fair and proportional manner. The novelty of this research lies in its attempt to position fiqh rules not only as normative principles, but also as tools for critical analysis of the imbalance in husband-wife relations in the context of modern society. Thus, this research contributes to enriching the discourse on Islamic family fiqh with a more contextual, responsive approach that is oriented towards maqāṣid al-sharīʿah.

Keywords: Imbalance of Rights and Obligations; Marital Relations; Fiqh Principles; Modern Muslim Families

Abstrak

Ketidakseimbangan antara hak dan kewajiban suami istri merupakan persoalan yang semakin mengemuka dalam keluarga Muslim modern, terutama akibat perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan peran gender. Sebagian kajian fikih keluarga cenderung membahas relasi suami istri secara normatif dan tekstual, tanpa mengaitkannya secara memadai dengan problem aktual yang dihadapi keluarga Muslim kontemporer. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis ketidakseimbangan hak dan kewajiban suami istri melalui pendekatan kaidah fikih sebagai instrumen metodologis yang bersifat fleksibel dan kontekstual. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode kepustakaan (library research), dengan sumber primer berupa karya klasik kaidah fikih seperti al-Asybah wa al-Naẓāʾir karya al-Suyūṭī dan al-Manthūr fī al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah karya al-Zarkashī, serta sumber sekunder berupa literatur kontemporer tentang hukum keluarga Islam. Analisis data dilakukan melalui content analysis dengan pendekatan deduktif-induktif, yaitu menurunkan prinsip kaidah fikih ke dalam persoalan konkret keluarga Muslim modern. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kaidah al-umūru bi maqāṣidihā, al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysīr, al-ḍarar yuzāl, dan al-ʿādah muḥakkamah dapat dijadikan kerangka analitis untuk membaca ulang relasi suami istri secara lebih adil dan proporsional. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada upaya memposisikan kaidah fikih tidak hanya sebagai prinsip normatif, tetapi sebagai alat analisis kritis terhadap ketimpangan relasi suami istri dalam konteks sosial modern. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berkontribusi memperkaya diskursus fikih keluarga Islam dengan pendekatan yang lebih kontekstual, responsif, dan berorientasi pada maqāṣid al-sharīʿah.

Kata kunci: Ketidakseimbangan Hak dan Kewajiban; Relasi Suami Istri; Kaidah Fikih; Keluarga Muslim Modern