REKONSTRUKSI PENERAPAN KAIDAH FIKIH DALAM MENJAWAB PROBLEMATIKA PERNIKAHAN MODERN

Abstract

Marriage is a fundamental institution in Islam aimed at preserving lineage, safeguarding human dignity, and ensuring social stability. However, contemporary social, economic, and technological developments have generated various marital issues that are not fully addressed by normative and text-based approaches to Islamic jurisprudence. Previous studies largely discuss Islamic legal maxims (qawāʿid fiqhiyyah) in marriage law from a conceptual perspective, with limited attention to their reconstructive and applicative roles in responding to modern marital challenges. Addressing this research gap, this study aims to analyze and reconstruct the application of Islamic legal maxims as an adaptive methodological framework for resolving contemporary marital problems. This research employs a qualitative approach through library research, examining classical fiqh literature, works on uṣūl al-fiqh, and contemporary Islamic legal studies. The data are analyzed using content analysis and a normative-juridical approach. The findings reveal that the reconstructed application of legal maxims such as al-umūr bi maqāṣidihā (matters are judged by their objectives), al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi al-shakk (certainty is not overruled by doubt), al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt (necessity permits the prohibited), and al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysīr (hardship begets ease) demonstrates not only theoretical relevance but also strong practical significance in addressing contemporary marital issues, including online marriage, inter-madhhab marriage, economic-based marriage postponement, and marital dispute resolution. The main contribution of this study lies in positioning Islamic legal maxims as a dynamic and contextual instrument of legal reasoning (istinbāṭ al-ḥukm), ensuring that Islamic marriage law remains responsive to modern realities while remaining firmly grounded in the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah).

Keywords: Islamic Legal Maxims; Islamic Marriage Law; Modern Marriage; Legal Reconstruction;

Abstrak

Pernikahan merupakan institusi fundamental dalam Islam yang bertujuan menjaga keturunan, kehormatan, dan ketenteraman hidup. Namun, dinamika sosial, ekonomi, dan teknologi di era modern melahirkan berbagai problematika pernikahan yang belum sepenuhnya terakomodasi oleh pendekatan fikih normatif yang bersifat tekstual. Sejumlah kajian terdahulu umumnya membahas kaidah fikih dalam hukum pernikahan secara konseptual, tanpa mengelaborasi secara mendalam aspek rekonstruksi dan penerapannya terhadap persoalan pernikahan kontemporer. Berangkat dari celah tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis sekaligus merekonstruksi penerapan kaidah fikih sebagai instrumen metodologis yang adaptif dalam menjawab problematika pernikahan modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan (library research), melalui penelaahan literatur fikih klasik, ushul fikih, serta kajian hukum Islam kontemporer, yang dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis isi dan pendekatan normatif-yuridis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rekonstruksi penerapan kaidah fikih seperti al-umūr bi maqāṣidihā, al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi al-syakk, al-dharūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt, dan al-masyaqqah tajlib al-taysīr tidak hanya relevan secara teoritis, tetapi juga memiliki signifikansi aplikatif dalam merespons persoalan pernikahan modern, seperti pernikahan daring, perbedaan mazhab, penundaan pernikahan karena faktor ekonomi, dan penyelesaian sengketa rumah tangga. Kontribusi utama penelitian ini terletak pada penegasan kaidah fikih sebagai kerangka istinbāṭ hukum yang dinamis dan kontekstual, sehingga hukum pernikahan Islam tetap responsif terhadap perubahan zaman tanpa kehilangan pijakan pada maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah.

Kata kunci: Kaidah Fikih; Hukum Pernikahan Islam; Pernikahan Modern; Rekonstruksi Hukum;