Experimental Study on the Effect of Single and Double Quenching-Tempering on the Mechanical Properties of AISI 1045 Steel

Syaipudin Anwar; Harnowo Supriadi; Nafrizal; Rizal Adi Saputra; Andree Agasy Nofma

doi:10.33474/rme.v6i1.25379

Authors

Syaipudin Anwar University of Lampung
Harnowo Supriadi University of Lampung
Nafrizal University of Lampung
Rizal Adi Saputra University of Lampung
Andree Agasy Nofma University of Lampung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33474/rme.v6i1.25379

Keywords:

AISI 1045 Steel, Quenching, SQT, DQT, Coconut Oil

Abstract

This study examined the effects of quenching, single quenching–tempering (SQT), and double quenching–tempering (DQT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 1045 medium-carbon steel (0.54% C, 0.32% Si, 0.65% Mn, 0.015% P, 0.0112% S, balance Fe). All specimens were heated to 850°C for 25 minutes and quenched in coconut oil at 100°C. Tempering was subsequently performed at 650°C for the SQT and DQT treatments. Hardness testing revealed that quenching produced the highest hardness value of 242.38 kg/mm² due to the formation of martensite. The SQT treatment reduced hardness to 198.46 kg/mm², indicating improved toughness while maintaining relatively high hardness. Further reduction in hardness was observed in the DQT-treated specimens, reaching 158.13 kg/mm², reflecting a more ductile and tougher microstructure. Impact properties were evaluated using the Charpy method. Heat-treated specimens exhibited significantly higher impact strength than the untreated material. The SQT process increased impact strength to 1.5792 J/mm², demonstrating the beneficial effect of tempering on toughness. The highest impact strength was achieved through DQT, reaching 1.8542 J/mm², indicating superior energy absorption capability. The results show that repeated quenching and tempering cycles effectively enhance the toughness of AISI 1045 steel, although accompanied by a reduction in hardness. Overall, DQT provided the best improvement in impact resistance and toughness among the heat treatment conditions investigated.

References

H. Hariningsih, T. Daryanto, and L. Lutiyatmi, “Pengaruh Variasi Media Quenching dan Tempering terhadap Struktur Mikro dan Kekerasan Baja AISI 1045,” Creat. Res. Eng., vol. 2, p. 52, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.30595/cerie.v2i2.14317.

F. A. Mamang, B. Bachtiar, I. K. Rohmat, and A. Fato, “Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Tekanan Gas Dan Persentase Ketebalan Lapisan Bounding Dan Coating Pada Proses Rebuild-Up Material Baja Aisi 1045 Dengan Metode Arc Spray Terhadap Tingkat Kerekatan Antar Lapisan,” JTT (Jurnal Teknol. Ter., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 167, 2023, doi: 10.31884/jtt.v9i2.463.

M. Indrawan and A. Santosa, “Analysis of the Effect of Current and Cooling Media in Tungsten Inert Gas (Tig) Welding on Mechanical Strength and Micro Structure of Aisi 1045 Steel for Truss Frame Motorcycle Frame Connections,” JMM, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 56–70, 2023, doi: 10.31949/jmm.v3i1.6602.

E. GHELLOUDJ, “Investigation of the Effect of Nitrocarburizing Treatment on Tribological Properties of Aisi 1045 Medium Carbon Steel,” Acta Metall. Slovaca, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 5–9, 2022, doi: 10.36547/ams.28.1.1127.

O. O. Agboola et al., “Optimization of Heat Treatment Parameters of Medium Carbon Steel Quenched in Different Media Using Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 7, p. e04444, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04444.

I. Yusuf and N. Nurlaili, “Pengaruh Variasi Temperatur Tempering Terhadap Nilai Kekuatan Tarik Dan Kekerasan Baja Karbon Sedang,” J. Serambi Eng., vol. 8, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.32672/jse.v8i3.6109.

R. Karimbaev, S. Choi, Y. S. Pyun, and A. Amanov, “Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Cladded AISI 1045 Carbon Steel,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 4, p. 859, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13040859.

Z. Li, F. Wei, P. La, and J. Sheng, “Enhancing Strength of Nanolaminate 1045 Steel Prepared by Aluminothermic Reaction Through Multiple Warm Rolling,” Steel Res. Int., vol. 89, no. 2, 2017, doi: 10.1002/srin.201700304.

K. Ito, T. Okuda, R. Ueji, H. Fujii, and C. Shiga, “Increase of Bending Fatigue Resistance for Tungsten Inert Gas Welded SS400 Steel Plates Using Friction Stir Processing,” Mater. Des., vol. 61, pp. 275–280, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.076.

A. E. I. Elshwain et al., “Machinability of Stainless Tool Steel Using Nitrogen Oil-Mist Coalant,” Proc. Vor. State Univ. Eng. Technol., vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 143–147, 2017, doi: 10.20914/2310-1202-2017-3-143-147.

A. V. K. Wijaya, M. Dyanasari, and P. Atmadi, “Perancangan Peralatan Vakum Penggenggam Pelat Baja Pada Trulaser 3030 Dengan Motor Servo,” J. Mettek, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 17, 2022, doi: 10.24843/mettek.2022.v08.i01.p03.

B. M. Gurumurthy, S. Sharma, and A. U. Kini, “Ferrite-Martensite Dual Phase Treatment of AISI 1040 Steel and Mechanical Characterization,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 748, pp. 280–283, 2017, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.748.280.

S. S. Rajput, C. Upadhyay, S. Gangopadhyay, and F. Fernandes, “Effects of Roughing, Finishing, and Aggressive Machining Conditions on the Milling Performance of AISI 1045 Steel Using TiAlN Coated Inserts,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., vol. 239, no. 3, pp. 376–387, 2023, doi: 10.1177/09544054231157963.

X. Yang, X. Wang, J. Xie, Y. Li, and D. Yang, “Investigation of the Thermodynamic Transformation and Rare Earth Microalloying of a Medium Carbon-Medium Alloy Steel for Large Ball Mill Liners,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 13, p. 4448, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15134448.

M. Kul, I. Danacı, Ş. Gezer, and B. Karaca, “Effect of boronizing composition on hardness of boronized AISI 1045 steel,” Mater. Lett., vol. 279, p. 128510, 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.MATLET.2020.128510.

E. Nugroho, S. D. Handono, A. Asroni, and W. Wahidin, “Pengaruh Temperatur Dan Media Pendingin Pada Proses Heat Treatment Baja AISI 1045 Terhadap Kekerasan Dan Laju Korosi,” Turbo J. Progr. Stud. Tek. Mesin, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.24127/trb.v8i1.933.

M. Mulyadi, D. Tafrant, H. Hendradinata, and Z. Zainuddin, “The Effect of Quenching Media on the Hardness of AISI 1045 Steel,” Atl. Highlights Eng., 2022, doi: 10.2991/ahe.k.220205.012.

G. V. Golwa, D. Romahadi, and I. G. A. Arwati, “Analysis of Characteristics of S45C Steel Changes due to the Quenching and Tempering Process,” World Chem. Eng. J., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 39, 2022, doi: 10.48181/wcej.v6i2.17611.

S. Simunovic, A. Milinović, I. Kladarić, and J. Mijic, “The Influence of Quenching and Tempering on the Hardness and Microstructure OF 42crmo4 Steel,” MM Sci. J., vol. 2024, no. 6, 2024, doi: 10.17973/mmsj.2024_12_2024131.

M. Özer, “Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of AISI H13 Tool Steel,” Kov. Mater. Mater., vol. 60, no. 6, 2022, doi: 10.31577/km.2022.6.387.

Y. Yurianto, S. Sulardjaka, S. A. Widyanto, and P. Yanuar, “Comparison of the Structure and Properties Between Single Quench+temper and Double Quench+temper of Medium-carbon and Carbon¬manganese Steel,” Eastern-European J. Enterp. Technol., vol. 5, no. 12 (107), pp. 15–22, 2020, doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.214223.

C. S. Guo, S. M. Long, H. W. Bo, and H. B. Tan, “The Hardness Changing Regularity of Quenched-Steel in Tempering Process and Its Double-Exponential Model,” Adv. Mater. Res., vol. 146–147, pp. 1578–1582, 2010, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1578.

E. P. R. Lima, M. D. M. das Neves, R. A. Nogueira, L. G. C. d. Oliveira, and F. A. Filho, “Effect of Different Tempering Stages and Temperatures on Microstructure, Tenacity and Hardness of Vacuum Sintered HSS AISI T15,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 591–593, pp. 68–73, 2008, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.68.

E. Ginting, Endarmoko, and R. Marjunus, “Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Tahan pada Austenisasi dengan Pendinginan Cepat terhadap Kekerasan dan Ketangguhan Baja AISI 1045,” vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 47–51, 2020, doi: 10.22146/JFI.V24I1.54038.

M. K. Nasution, “Effect of Quenching Media on the Strength of AISI 1045 Steel Applied to Chain Sprockets: Impact Test Method,” Int. J. Res. Rev., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 211–215, 2023, doi: 10.52403/ijrr.20230227.

N. S. C. Ramadhan, M. Mudjijanto, A. Achmadi, and R. D. Rahayu, “Pengaruh variasi temperatur holding time terhadap kekerasan dan beban impak baja aisi 1045 dengan media pendingin oil,” Semin. SNAST (Seminar Nas. Apl. Sains dan Teknol., pp. C15-22, 2024, doi: 10.34151/prosidingsnast.v1i1.4969.

A. Y. P. Parmita, Y. M. P. Utomo, A. M. Rakhmat, and M. P. D. Lubis, “Mechanical Properties of Steel Aisi 1045 Variation of Austenitization Holding Time in the Quenching-Tempering Process With Ice Water Media,” J. Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 425–432, 2024, doi: 10.21776/jrm.v15i1.1647.

H. Supriadi, A. Primartin, and A. Su, “PENGARUH TEMPERATUR TEMPERING TERHADAP ENERGI IMPAK DAN POLA PATAHAN PADA BAJA AISI 1045,” vol. 13, no. 01, pp. 1–9, 2024.

D. Chaouch, A. Sadok, S.-E. Bendaoudi, and A. Chaouch, “Effect of Charpy Impact Test on Microstructure Properties of AISI4140 Steel,” Mech. Mech. Eng., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1463–1470, 2018, doi: 10.2478/MME-2018-0114.

M. Çivici et al., “Advanced Heat Treatment Strategies for Optimizing Microstructure and Mechanical Integrity of AISI O2 Tool Steel,” Ironmak. Steelmak. Process. Prod. Appl., 2025, doi: 10.1177/03019233251369970.

F. Zhu, X. Luo, F. Chai, C. Yang, and Z. Zhang, “Effect of Double Quenching Process and Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel,” Iop Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 772, no. 1, p. 12010, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/772/1/012010.