Natural Justice, Procedural Justice, and the Judge’s Role in the Pancasila-Based Rule of Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33474/yur.v8i2.23835Keywords:
Procedural Justice, Natural Justice, Judge, Pancasila, LegitimacyAbstract
Procedural justice is often misconstrued as mere compliance with formal rules, even though it essentially represents an embodiment of natural justice principles that require judicial proceedings to be fair, impartial, and transparent. Employing normative legal research with a conceptual and statutory approach, this study examines core principles of natural justice, including audi alteram partem, nemo judex in causa sua, and the obligation to provide reasoned judicial decisions. These principles are integral to procedural justice and constitute a constitutional mandate as enshrined in Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. In relation to Pancasila, judges bear a professional and moral responsibility to ensure that procedural justice is upheld as the foundation of fair trials and the legal protection of every citizen. The novelty of this research lies in the development of a conceptual framework that integrates the principles of natural justice with procedural justice. Procedural justice is the embodiment of the values of natural justice as well as a constitutional mandate that judges must uphold through the application of the principles of impartiality, the right to be heard (audi alteram partem), and the prohibition against adjudicating cases involving a conflict of interest (nemo judex in causa sua). This contribution provides a normative foundation for judges so that they are not only oriented toward formal legality but also protect the constitutional rights of citizens as a guide in realizing a fair, independent, and integrity-driven judiciary.
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Oktapani, Silm, Slamet Suhartono, Hufron Hufron, and Yovita Arie Mangesti. “The Obligation of Constitutional Court to Give a Decision on Opinion of Council Representatives in Process of Termination Indonesian President.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 45 (July 2023): 163-167. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v45i1.9196.
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Rahmad, Noor, and Wildan Hafis. “Hukum Progresif dan Relevansinya Pada Penalaran Hukum Di Indonesia.” El-Ahli : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 1, no. 2 (January 2021): 34-50. https://doi.org/10.56874/el-ahli.v1i2.133.
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Sihotang, Amri Panahatan, Zaenal Arifin, Kukuh Sudarmanto, and Nadya Dhea Fristianti. “Pertimbangan Hakim Terhadap Keabsahan Ijazah Pondok Pesantren Sebagai Syarat Peserta Pemilihan Kepala Desa.” Jurnal USM Law Review 6, no. 1 (May 2023): 332-44 https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i1.6579.
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Suprapto, Paulus Hadi, Surastini Fitriasih, and Shidarta. “Menemukan Substansi Dalam Keadilan Prosedural.” Jakarta, 2010.
Suryoutomo, Markus, Siti Mariyam, and Adhi Putra Satria. “Koherensi Putusan Hakim Dalam Pembuktian Ganti Rugi Imateriel Perbuatan Melawan Hukum.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 4, no. 1 (July 2022): 133-49. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i1.139-144.
Susilo, Erwin, Mohd Din, Suhaimi, and Teuku Muttaqin Mansur. “Justice Delayed, Justice Denied: a Critical Examination of Repeated Suspect Status in Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 3 (January 2024): 342–57. https://scholarhub.unhas.ac.id/halrev/vol10/iss3/1/.
_____. “The Right to Be Heard Prior to Judicial Proceedings: Human Rights and Fair Trial Deficiencies in Indonesian Pre-Trial Processes.” Yustisia 15, no. 1 (April 2026): 47–68. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v15i1.102131.
Tinnevelt, Ronald. “Political Parties and ‘the Long Road of Participatory Deliberative Democracy.” Krisis, 40, no. 1 (2020): 107-18. https://doi.org/10.21827/KRISIS.40.1.37060.
Vetters, Larissa. “Making Sense of Noncitizens’ Rights Claims in Asylum Appeal Hearings: Practices and Sentiments of Procedural Justice among German Administrative Judges.” Citizenship Studies 26, no. 7 (October 2022): 927-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2022.2137940.
Wahyuni, Sri. “Hukum Keluarga Islam Dalam Masyarakat Muslim Diaspora Di Barat (Perspektif Hukum Perdata Internasional).” Al-Mazaahib: Jurnal Perbandingan Hukum 2, no. 2 (December 2014): 325–48. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-mazaahib.v2i2.1372.
Windari, Sri, and Muhammad Ilham Aziz. “Filsafat Dalam Sistem Nilai Pancasila.” Aksiologi : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 1 (October 2021): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.47134/aksiologi.v2i1.64.
Badrun, Sujadi, Idi Warsah, Imron Muttaqin, and Ruly Morganna. “Pancasila, Islam, and Harmonising Socio-Cultural Conflict in Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah 61, no. 1 (2023): 137-56. https://doi.org/10.14421/AJIS.2023.611.137-156.
Budimansyah, Budimansyah. “Rekonstruksi Dari Penegakan Undang-Undang Menuju Penegakan Hukum Demi Keadilan yang Substantif.” Jurnal Hukum Media Bhakti 1, no. 2 (August 2020): 183-91. https://doi.org/10.32501/jhmb.v1i2.14.
Burke, Kevin, and Steve Leben. “Procedural Fairness: A Key Ingredient in Public Satisfaction.” Court Review 44 (2007). https://irlaw.umkc.edu/faculty_works/269/.
Chalkidis, Ilias, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, et al. ‘LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English’. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), edited by Smaranda Muresan, Preslav Nakov, and Aline Villavicencio. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022.
Craig, Paul P. “Natural Justice in English Administrative Law: Continuity and Change from the 17th Century.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (2022); 1-47. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4051341.
Das, Kantilal. The Paradigm of Justice: A Contemporary Debate between John Rawls and Amartya Sen. The Paradigm of Justice: a Contemporary Debate between John Rawls and Amartya Sen, 2021.
Dziedziak, Wojciech. ‘Thoughts on the Notion of Justice’. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (2021): 139–48, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.139-148.
Efendi, Jonaedi, and Johnny Ibrahim. Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris. Depok: Kencana, 2018.
Epie, Lombe Viola. ‘An Appraisal on the Protection of the Rights of Accused Persons Standing Trial before a Competent Court of Law under the Cameroonian Legal System’. Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 5, no. 1 (2026): 397–405. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2022.v05i10.001.
Gajda-Roszczynialska, Katarzyna, and Krystian Markiewicz. “Disciplinary Proceedings as an Instrument for Breaking the Rule of Law in Poland.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 12, no. 3 (October 2020): 451-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-020-00146-y.
Garza-Vázquez, Oscar. “Why Expanding Capabilities Does Not Necessarily Imply Reducing Injustice: An Assessment of Amartya Sen’s Idea of Justice in the Context of Mexico’s Oportunidades/Prospera.” Review of Social Economy 81, no. 3 (2023): 442-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2021.1881150.
Hall, Matthias van, Anja J.E. Dirkzwager, Peter H. van der Laan, and Paul Nieuwbeerta. “Detainees’ Perceptions of Procedural Justice: An Examination Throughout the Criminal Justice System.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 68, no. 13–14 (October 2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X221132229.
Hart, H L A. “Policies , Principles , and Adjudication.” The American Journal of Jurisprudence 69, no. 2 (October 2024): 127-34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/auae014.
Jardan, Gerry, Ismansyah Ismansyah, and Nani Mulyati. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Justice Collaborator Dalam Mengungkap Tindak Pidana Narkotika Ditinjau Dari Asas Keadilan.” UNES Journal of Swara Justisia 7, no. 2 (July 2023): 451-468. https://doi.org/10.31933/ujsj.v7i2.356.
Lautner, Péter. “Aristotle and Natural Justice.” Pázmány Law Review 8, no. 1 (2023): 57-65. https://doi.org/10.55019/plr.2021.1.57-65.
Leben, Steve. “Getting It Right Isn’t Enough: The Appellate Court’s Role in Procedural Justice.” Kansas Law Review 69 (May 2021). https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.31568.
Leheza, Yevhen, Karina Pisotska, Oleksandr Dubenko, Oleksandr Dakhno, and Artur Sotskyi. ‘The Essence of the Principles of Ukrainian Law in Modern Jurisprudence’. Revista Jurídica Portucalense. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, no. 32 (December 2022): 342–63. https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/28026.
Mahmud, Ade, Chepi Ali Firman Z, Husni Syawali, Rizki Amrulloh, and Weganisa. ‘Keadilan Substantif Dalam Proses Asset Recovery Hasil Tindak Pidana Korupsi’. Jurnal Suara Hukum 3, no. 2 (2021): 227–50. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v3n2.p227-250.
Mensah, Ronald Osei. “The Relevance of Natural Justice in the Decision-Making Processes of Public Bodies and Officials in Ghana.” International Journal of Law and Society 5, no. 4 (November 2022): 371-77. https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.14.
Micco, Francesco De, and Roberto Scendoni. “Three Different Currents of Thought to Conceive Justice: Legal, and Medical Ethics Reflections.” Philosophies 9, no. 61 (January 2024): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9030061.
Michelman, Frank I. ‘Response’. SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4949125. Social Science Research Network, 1 January 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4949125.
O’Brien, Thomas C., Tom R. Tyler, and Tracey L. Meares. “Building Popular Legitimacy with Reconciliatory Gestures and Participation: A Community-Level Model of Authority.” Regulation and Governance 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 821-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12264.
Oktapani, Silm, Slamet Suhartono, Hufron Hufron, and Yovita Arie Mangesti. “The Obligation of Constitutional Court to Give a Decision on Opinion of Council Representatives in Process of Termination Indonesian President.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 45 (July 2023): 163-167. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v45i1.9196.
Pryce, Daniel K., and George Wilson. “Police Procedural Justice, Lawyer Procedural Justice, Judge Procedural Justice, and Satisfaction With the Criminal Justice System: Findings From a Neglected Region of the World.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 9 (January 2020): 1286-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403419900230.
R V, Anju. “Carving Natural Justice into the Constitution of India.” Journal of Legal Studies & Research 09, no. 03 (May 2023): 232-54. https://doi.org/10.55662/jlsr.2023.9303.
Rahmad, Noor, and Wildan Hafis. “Hukum Progresif dan Relevansinya Pada Penalaran Hukum Di Indonesia.” El-Ahli : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 1, no. 2 (January 2021): 34-50. https://doi.org/10.56874/el-ahli.v1i2.133.
Schlag, Pierre, William H Charles, and William H Charles. “Access to Justice in the Nova Scotia Small Claims Court 1980-2022.” Dalhousie LJ 47, no. 1 (2024). https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/dlj/vol47/iss1/5/.
Shouaib, Magdi, Ahmed Eldakak, and Eman Ahmed Alabdouli. “Effect of the Civil Law Severability Doctrine on Administrative Contract Theory: A Study of French and Egyptian Laws.” Heliyon, 2024: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27995.
Sihotang, Amri Panahatan, Zaenal Arifin, Kukuh Sudarmanto, and Nadya Dhea Fristianti. “Pertimbangan Hakim Terhadap Keabsahan Ijazah Pondok Pesantren Sebagai Syarat Peserta Pemilihan Kepala Desa.” Jurnal USM Law Review 6, no. 1 (May 2023): 332-44 https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i1.6579.
Sudiyana, Sudiyana, and Suswoto Suswoto. “Kajian Kritis Terhadap Teori Positivisme Hukum Dalam Mencari Keadilan Substantif.” QISTIE 11, no. 1 (May 2018): 107-35. https://doi.org/10.31942/jqi.v11i1.2225.
Suprapto, Paulus Hadi, Surastini Fitriasih, and Shidarta. “Menemukan Substansi Dalam Keadilan Prosedural.” Jakarta, 2010.
Suryoutomo, Markus, Siti Mariyam, and Adhi Putra Satria. “Koherensi Putusan Hakim Dalam Pembuktian Ganti Rugi Imateriel Perbuatan Melawan Hukum.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 4, no. 1 (July 2022): 133-49. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v4i1.139-144.
Susilo, Erwin, Mohd Din, Suhaimi, and Teuku Muttaqin Mansur. “Justice Delayed, Justice Denied: a Critical Examination of Repeated Suspect Status in Indonesia.” Hasanuddin Law Review 3, no. 3 (January 2024): 342–57. https://scholarhub.unhas.ac.id/halrev/vol10/iss3/1/.
_____. “The Right to Be Heard Prior to Judicial Proceedings: Human Rights and Fair Trial Deficiencies in Indonesian Pre-Trial Processes.” Yustisia 15, no. 1 (April 2026): 47–68. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v15i1.102131.
Tinnevelt, Ronald. “Political Parties and ‘the Long Road of Participatory Deliberative Democracy.” Krisis, 40, no. 1 (2020): 107-18. https://doi.org/10.21827/KRISIS.40.1.37060.
Vetters, Larissa. “Making Sense of Noncitizens’ Rights Claims in Asylum Appeal Hearings: Practices and Sentiments of Procedural Justice among German Administrative Judges.” Citizenship Studies 26, no. 7 (October 2022): 927-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2022.2137940.
Wahyuni, Sri. “Hukum Keluarga Islam Dalam Masyarakat Muslim Diaspora Di Barat (Perspektif Hukum Perdata Internasional).” Al-Mazaahib: Jurnal Perbandingan Hukum 2, no. 2 (December 2014): 325–48. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-mazaahib.v2i2.1372.
Windari, Sri, and Muhammad Ilham Aziz. “Filsafat Dalam Sistem Nilai Pancasila.” Aksiologi : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial 2, no. 1 (October 2021): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.47134/aksiologi.v2i1.64.
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11.08.2025
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Susilo, Erwin. “Natural Justice, Procedural Justice, and the Judge’s Role in the Pancasila-Based Rule of Law”. Yurispruden 8, no. 2 (August 11, 2025): 177-96. https://doi.org/10.33474/yur.v8i2.23835.
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